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Summary

Bio::SeqIO - Handler for SeqIO Formats

Package variables

Included modules

Inherit

Bio::Factory::SequenceStreamI Bio::Root::IO Bio::Root::Root

Synopsis

    use Bio::SeqIO;

    $in  = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file => "inputfilename" , '-format' => 'Fasta');
    $out = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file => ">outputfilename" , '-format' => 'EMBL');
    # note: we quote -format to keep older Perls from complaining.

    while ( my $seq = $in->next_seq() ) {
	$out->write_seq($seq);
    }

Now, to actually get at the sequence object, use the standard Bio::Seq
methods (look at Bio::Seq if you don't know what they are)

    use Bio::SeqIO;

    $in  = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file => "inputfilename" , '-format' => 'genbank');

    while ( my $seq = $in->next_seq() ) {
       print "Sequence ",$seq->id," first 10 bases ",$seq->subseq(1,10),"\n";
    }

The SeqIO system does have a filehandle binding. Most people find this
a little confusing, but it does mean you write the world's smallest
reformatter

    use Bio::SeqIO;

    $in  = Bio::SeqIO->newFh(-file => "inputfilename" , '-format' => 'Fasta');
    $out = Bio::SeqIO->newFh('-format' => 'EMBL');

    # World's shortest Fasta<->EMBL format converter:
    print $out $_ while <$in>;

Description

Bio::SeqIO is a handler module for the formats in the SeqIO set (eg,
Bio::SeqIO::fasta). It is the officially sanctioned way of getting at
the format objects, which most people should use.
The Bio::SeqIO system can be thought of like biological file handles.
They are attached to filehandles with smart formatting rules (eg,
genbank format, or EMBL format, or binary trace file format) and
can either read or write sequence objects (Bio::Seq objects, or
more correctly, Bio::SeqI implementing objects, of which Bio::Seq is
one such object). If you want to know what to do with a Bio::Seq
object, read Bio::Seq.
The idea is that you request a stream object for a particular format.
All the stream objects have a notion of an internal file that is read
from or written to. A particular SeqIO object instance is configured
for either input or output. A specific example of a stream object is
the Bio::SeqIO::fasta object.
Each stream object has functions

   $stream->next_seq();

and

   $stream->write_seq($seq);

As an added bonus, you can recover a filehandle that is tied to the
SeqIO object, allowing you to use the standard <> and print operations
to read and write sequence objects:

    use Bio::SeqIO;

    $stream = Bio::SeqIO->newFh(-format => 'Fasta'); # read from standard input

    while ( $seq = <$stream> ) {
	# do something with $seq
    }

and

    print $stream $seq; # when stream is in output mode

This makes the simplest ever reformatter

    #!/usr/local/bin/perl

    $format1 = shift;
    $format2 = shift || die "Usage: reformat format1 format2 < input > output";

    use Bio::SeqIO;

    $in  = Bio::SeqIO->newFh(-format => $format1 );
    $out = Bio::SeqIO->newFh(-format => $format2 );
    #note: you might want to quote -format to keep older perl's from complaining.

    print $out $_ while <$in>;

Methods

Methods description

 Title   : _concatenate_lines
 Usage   : $s = _concatenate_lines($line, $continuation_line)
 Function: Private. Concatenates two strings assuming that the second stems
           from a continuation line of the first. Adds a space between both
           unless the first ends with a dash.

           Takes care of either arg being empty.
 Example :
 Returns : A string.
 Args    :

 Title   : _filehandle
 Usage   : $obj->_filehandle($newval)
 Function: This method is deprecated. Call _fh() instead.
 Example :
 Returns : value of _filehandle
 Args    : newvalue (optional)

 Title   : _guess_format
 Usage   : $obj->_guess_format($filename)
 Function: guess format based on file suffix
 Example :
 Returns : guessed format of filename (lower case)
 Args    :
 Notes   : formats that _filehandle() will guess include fasta,
           genbank, scf, pir, embl, raw, gcg, ace, bsml, swissprot,
           fastq and phd/phred

 Title   : _load_format_module
 Usage   : *INTERNAL SeqIO stuff*
 Function: Loads up (like use) a module at run time on demand
 Example :
 Returns :
 Args    :

 Title   : alphabet
 Usage   : $self->alphabet($newval)
 Function: Set/get the molecule type for the Seq objects to be created.
 Example : $seqio->alphabet('protein')
 Returns : value of alphabet: 'dna', 'rna', or 'protein'
 Args    : newvalue (optional)
 Throws  : Exception if the argument is not one of 'dna', 'rna', or 'protein'

 Title   : fh
 Usage   : $obj->fh
 Function:
 Example : $fh = $obj->fh;      # make a tied filehandle
           $sequence = <$fh>;   # read a sequence object
           print $fh $sequence; # write a sequence object
 Returns : filehandle tied to Bio::SeqIO class
 Args    : none

 Title   : location_factory
 Usage   : $seqio->location_factory($locfactory)
 Function: Get/Set the Bio::Factory::LocationFactoryI object to be used for
           location string parsing
 Returns : a Bio::Factory::LocationFactoryI implementing object
 Args    : [optional] on set, a Bio::Factory::LocationFactoryI implementing
           object.

 Title   : new
 Usage   : $stream = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file => $filename, -format => 'Format')
 Function: Returns a new seqstream
 Returns : A Bio::SeqIO stream initialised with the appropriate format
 Args    : Named parameters:
             -file => $filename
             -fh => filehandle to attach to
             -format => format

           Additional arguments may be used to set factories and
           builders involved in the sequence object creation. None of
           these must be provided, they all have reasonable defaults.
             -seqfactory   the Bio::Factory::SequenceFactoryI object
             -locfactory   the Bio::Factory::LocationFactoryI object
             -objbuilder   the Bio::Factory::ObjectBuilderI object

 Title   : newFh
 Usage   : $fh = Bio::SeqIO->newFh(-file=>$filename,-format=>'Format')
 Function: does a new() followed by an fh()
 Example : $fh = Bio::SeqIO->newFh(-file=>$filename,-format=>'Format')
           $sequence = <$fh>;   # read a sequence object
           print $fh $sequence; # write a sequence object
 Returns : filehandle tied to the Bio::SeqIO::Fh class
 Args    :

 Title   : next_seq
 Usage   : $seq = stream->next_seq
 Function: Reads the next sequence object from the stream and returns it.

           Certain driver modules may encounter entries in the stream that
           are either misformatted or that use syntax not yet understood
           by the driver. If such an incident is recoverable, e.g., by
           dismissing a feature of a feature table or some other non-mandatory
           part of an entry, the driver will issue a warning. In the case
           of a non-recoverable situation an exception will be thrown.
           Do not assume that you can resume parsing the same stream after
           catching the exception. Note that you can always turn recoverable
           errors into exceptions by calling $stream->verbose(2).
 Returns : a Bio::Seq sequence object
 Args    : none

 Title   : object_factory
 Usage   : $obj->object_factory($newval)
 Function: This is an alias to sequence_factory with a more generic name.
 Example : 
 Returns : value of object_factory (a scalar)
 Args    : on set, new value (a scalar or undef, optional)

 Title   : sequence_builder
 Usage   : $seqio->sequence_builder($seqfactory)
 Function: Get/Set the Bio::Factory::ObjectBuilderI used to build sequence
           objects.

           If you do not set the sequence object builder yourself, it
           will in fact be an instance of Bio::Seq::SeqBuilder, and
           you may use all methods documented there to configure it.

 Returns : a Bio::Factory::ObjectBuilderI compliant object
 Args    : [optional] a Bio::Factory::ObjectBuilderI compliant object

 Title   : sequence_factory
 Usage   : $seqio->sequence_factory($seqfactory)
 Function: Get/Set the Bio::Factory::SequenceFactoryI
 Returns : Bio::Factory::SequenceFactoryI
 Args    : [optional] Bio::Factory::SequenceFactoryI

 Title   : write_seq
 Usage   : $stream->write_seq($seq)
 Function: writes the $seq object into the stream
 Returns : 1 for success and 0 for error
 Args    : Bio::Seq object

Methods code

sub BEGIN {

    eval { require Bio::SeqIO::staden::read; };
}

my %valid_alphabet_cache;

}

sub DESTROY {

    my $self = shift;

    $self->close();

}

sub PRINT {

  my $self = shift;
  $self->{'seqio'}->write_seq(@_);

}

sub READLINE {

  my $self = shift;
  return $self->{'seqio'}->next_seq() unless wantarray;
  my (@list, $obj);
  push @list, $obj while $obj = $self->{'seqio'}->next_seq();
  return @list;

}

sub TIEHANDLE {

    my ($class,$val) = @_;
    return bless {'seqio' => $val}, $class;

}

sub _concatenate_lines {

    my ($self, $s1, $s2) = @_;

    $s1 .= " " if($s1 && ($s1 !~ /-$/) && $s2);
    return ($s1 ? $s1 : "") . ($s2 ? $s2 : "");

}

sub _filehandle {

    my ($self,@args) = @_;
    return $self->_fh(@args);

}

sub _guess_format {

   my $class = shift;
   return unless $_ = shift;
   return 'fasta'   if /\.(fasta|fast|seq|fa|fsa|nt|aa)$/i;
   return 'genbank' if /\.(gb|gbank|genbank|gbk|gbs)$/i;
   return 'scf'     if /\.scf$/i;
   return 'scf'     if /\.scf$/i;
   return 'abi'     if /\.abi$/i;
   return 'alf'     if /\.alf$/i;
   return 'ctf'     if /\.ctf$/i;
   return 'ztr'     if /\.ztr$/i;
   return 'pln'     if /\.pln$/i;
   return 'exp'     if /\.exp$/i;
   return 'pir'     if /\.pir$/i;
   return 'embl'    if /\.(embl|ebl|emb|dat)$/i;
   return 'raw'     if /\.(txt)$/i;
   return 'gcg'     if /\.gcg$/i;
   return 'ace'     if /\.ace$/i;
   return 'bsml'    if /\.(bsm|bsml)$/i;
   return 'swiss'   if /\.(swiss|sp)$/i;
   return 'phd'     if /\.(phd|phred)$/i;
   return 'fastq'   if /\.fastq$/i;

}

sub _initialize {

    my($self, @args) = @_;

    # flush is initialized by the Root::IO init

    my ($seqfact,$locfact,$objbuilder) =
	$self->_rearrange([qw(SEQFACTORY
			      LOCFACTORY
			      OBJBUILDER)
			   ], @args);

    $locfact = Bio::Factory::FTLocationFactory->new(-verbose => $self->verbose) if ! $locfact;
    $objbuilder = Bio::Seq::SeqBuilder->new(-verbose => $self->verbose) unless $objbuilder;
    $self->sequence_builder($objbuilder);
    $self->location_factory($locfact);
    # note that this should come last because it propagates the sequence
    # factory to the sequence builder
    $seqfact && $self->sequence_factory($seqfact);

    # initialize the IO part
    $self->_initialize_io(@args);

}

sub _load_format_module {

    my ($self, $format) = @_;
    my $module = "Bio::SeqIO::" . $format;
    my $ok;

    eval {
	$ok = $self->_load_module($module);
    };
    if ( $@ ) {
    print STDERR <<END;
$self: $format cannot be found
Exception $@
For more information about the SeqIO system please see the SeqIO docs.
This includes ways of checking for formats at compile time, not run time
END
  ;
  }
  return $ok;

}

sub alphabet {

   my ($self, $value) = @_;

   if ( defined $value) {
       $value = lc $value;
       unless ($valid_alphabet_cache{$value}) {
	   # instead of hard-coding the allowed values once more, we check by
	   # creating a dummy sequence object
	   eval {
	       require Bio::PrimarySeq;
	       my $seq = Bio::PrimarySeq->new('-verbose' => $self->verbose,
					      '-alphabet' => $value);
		
	   };
	   if ($@) {
	       $self->throw("Invalid alphabet: $value\n. See Bio::PrimarySeq for allowed values.");
	   }
	   $valid_alphabet_cache{$value} = 1;
       }
       $self->{'alphabet'} = $value;
   }
   return $self->{'alphabet'};

}

sub fh {

  my $self = shift;
  my $class = ref($self) || $self;
  my $s = Symbol::gensym;
  tie $$s,$class,$self;
  return $s;
}

# _initialize is chained for all SeqIO classes

}

sub location_factory {

    my ($self,$obj) = @_;   
    if( defined $obj ) {
	if( ! ref($obj) || ! $obj->isa('Bio::Factory::LocationFactoryI') ) {
	    $self->throw("Must provide a valid Bio::Factory::LocationFactoryI".
			 " object to ".ref($self)."->location_factory()");
	}
	$self->{'_seqio_locfactory'} = $obj;
    }
    $self->{'_seqio_locfactory'};
}

1;

}

sub new {

    my ($caller,@args) = @_;
    my $class = ref($caller) || $caller;
    
    # or do we want to call SUPER on an object if $caller is an
    # object?
    if( $class =~ /Bio::SeqIO::(\S+)/ ) {
	my ($self) = $class->SUPER::new(@args);	
	$self->_initialize(@args);
	return $self;
    } else { 

	my %param = @args;
	@param{ map { lc $_ } keys %param } = values %param; # lowercase keys
	my $format = $param{'-format'} || 
	    $class->_guess_format( $param{-file} || $ARGV[0] ) ||
		'fasta';
	$format = "\L$format";	# normalize capitalization to lower case

	# normalize capitalization
	return undef unless( $class->_load_format_module($format) );
	return "Bio::SeqIO::$format"->new(@args);
    }

}

sub newFh {

  my $class = shift;
  return unless my $self = $class->new(@_);
  return $self->fh;

}

sub next_seq {

   my ($self, $seq) = @_;
   $self->throw("Sorry, you cannot read from a generic Bio::SeqIO object.");

}

sub object_factory {

    return shift->sequence_factory(@_);

}

sub sequence_builder {

    my ($self,$obj) = @_;
    if( defined $obj ) {
	if( ! ref($obj) || ! $obj->isa('Bio::Factory::ObjectBuilderI') ) {
	    $self->throw("Must provide a valid Bio::Factory::ObjectBuilderI object to ".ref($self)."::sequence_builder()");
	}
	$self->{'_object_builder'} = $obj;
    }
    $self->{'_object_builder'};

}

sub sequence_factory {

   my ($self,$obj) = @_;   
   if( defined $obj ) {
       if( ! ref($obj) || ! $obj->isa('Bio::Factory::SequenceFactoryI') ) {
	   $self->throw("Must provide a valid Bio::Factory::SequenceFactoryI object to ".ref($self)."::sequence_factory()");
       }
       $self->{'_seqio_seqfactory'} = $obj;
       my $builder = $self->sequence_builder();
       if($builder && $builder->can('sequence_factory') &&
	  (! $builder->sequence_factory())) {
	   $builder->sequence_factory($obj);
       }
   }
   $self->{'_seqio_seqfactory'};

}

sub write_seq {

    my ($self, $seq) = @_;
    $self->throw("Sorry, you cannot write to a generic Bio::SeqIO object.");

}

General documentation

   $seqIO = Bio::SeqIO->new(-file => 'filename',   -format=>$format);
   $seqIO = Bio::SeqIO->new(-fh   => \*FILEHANDLE, -format=>$format);
   $seqIO = Bio::SeqIO->new(-format => $format);

The new() class method constructs a new Bio::SeqIO object. The
returned object can be used to retrieve or print Seq objects. new()
accepts the following parameters:
    A file path to be opened for reading or writing. The usual Perl
conventions apply:

   'file'       # open file for reading
   '>file'      # open file for writing
   '>>file'     # open file for appending
   '+<file'     # open file read/write
   'command |'  # open a pipe from the command
   '| command'  # open a pipe to the command

    You may provide new() with a previously-opened filehandle. For
example, to read from STDIN:

   $seqIO = Bio::SeqIO->new(-fh => \*STDIN);

    Note that you must pass filehandles as references to globs.
    If neither a filehandle nor a filename is specified, then the module
will read from the @ARGV array or STDIN, using the familiar <>
semantics.
    A string filehandle is handy if you want to modify the output in the
memory, before printing it out. The following program reads in EMBL
formatted entries from a file and prints them out in fasta format with
some HTML tags:

  use Bio::SeqIO;
  use IO::String;
  my $in  = Bio::SeqIO->new('-file' => "emblfile" , 
  			    '-format' => 'EMBL');
  while ( my $seq = $in->next_seq() ) {
      # the output handle is reset for every file
      my $stringio = IO::String->new($string);
      my $out = Bio::SeqIO->new('-fh' => $stringio,
  			        '-format' => 'fasta');
      # output goes into $string
      $out->write_seq($seq);
      # modify $string
      $string =~ s|(>)(\w+)|$1<font color="Red">$2</font>|g;
      # print into STDOUT
      print $string;
  }

    Specify the format of the file. Supported formats include:

   Fasta       FASTA format
   EMBL        EMBL format
   GenBank     GenBank format
   swiss       Swissprot format
   PIR         Protein Information Resource format
   GCG         GCG format
   raw         Raw format (one sequence per line, no ID)
   ace         ACeDB sequence format
   game        GAME XML format
   phd         phred output
   qual        Quality values (get a sequence of quality scores)
   Fastq       Fastq format
   SCF         SCF tracefile format
   ABI         ABI tracefile format
   ALF         ALF tracefile format
   CTF         CTF tracefile format
   ZTR         ZTR tracefile format
   PLN         Staden plain tracefile format
   EXP         Staden tagged experiment tracefile format

    If no format is specified and a filename is given then the module
will attempt to deduce the format from the filename suffix. If this
is unsuccessful then Fasta format is assumed.
    The format name is case insensitive. 'FASTA', 'Fasta' and 'fasta' are
all valid suffixes.
    Currently, the tracefile formats (except for SCF) require installation
of the external Staden "io_lib" package, as well as the
Bio::SeqIO::staden::read package available from the bioperl-ext
repository.
    By default, all files (or filehandles) opened for writing sequences
will be flushed after each write_seq() (making the file immediately
usable). If you don't need this facility and would like to marginally
improve the efficiency of writing multiple sequences to the same file
(or filehandle), pass the -flush option '0' or any other value that
evaluates as defined but false:

  my $gb = new Bio::SeqIO -file   => "<gball.gbk",
                          -format => "gb";
  my $fa = new Bio::SeqIO -file   => ">gball.fa",
                          -format => "fasta",
                          -flush  => 0; # go as fast as we can!
  while($seq = $gb->next_seq) { $fa->write_seq($seq) }

   $fh = Bio::SeqIO->newFh(-fh   => \*FILEHANDLE, -format=>$format);
   $fh = Bio::SeqIO->newFh(-format => $format);
   # etc.

This constructor behaves like new(), but returns a tied filehandle
rather than a Bio::SeqIO object. You can read sequences from this
object using the familiar <> operator, and write to it using
print(). The usual array and $_ semantics work. For example, you can
read all sequence objects into an array like this:

  @sequences = <$fh>;

Other operations, such as read(), sysread(), write(), close(), and printf()
are not supported.

See below for more detailed summaries. The main methods are:

Fetch the next sequence from the stream.

Write the specified sequence(s) to the stream.

User feedback is an integral part of the evolution of this
and other Bioperl modules. Send your comments and suggestions preferably
to one of the Bioperl mailing lists.
Your participation is much appreciated.

  bioperl-l@bioperl.org                  - General discussion
  http://bioperl.org/MailList.shtml      - About the mailing lists

Report bugs to the Bioperl bug tracking system to help us keep track
the bugs and their resolution.
Bug reports can be submitted via email or the web:

  bioperl-bugs@bioperl.org
  http://bugzilla.bioperl.org/

Email birney@ebi.ac.uk

The rest of the documentation details each of the object
methods. Internal methods are usually preceded with a _